[Lotus]

Thus, changes in levels of specific proteins in cells is one way that androgen receptors control cell behavior. One thing that gets overlooked is edema due to simulation of Aldosterone receptors as it's pointed out.

Could you elaborate on the effect androgens have on aldosterone? My understanding is that testosterone and dopamine lower aldosterone (and thus reduce edema) while estrogen, prolactin, and anxiety increase it. Progesterone also increases it but blocks its receptors.

Candace,

In answer to your question and per your link from: http://drtedwilliams.net/kb/index.php?pa...stosterone

I think it can be explained that the good doctor (Dr. Ted Williams) meant edema was a side effect from stimulation of aldosterone receptors alone. From the diagram it lists these as side effects of testosterone:

Side effects of testosterone

Virilization
Feminization due to aromatase conversion to Estrogen
Edema due to simulation of Aldosterone receptors is under diagnosed
Jaundice, Hepatic carcinoma

My comment about edema was meant towards that it Edema (and one of the possible symptoms of edema, was due to the simulation of aldosterone receptors) is under-diagnosed. I could be wrong about this but perhaps he was referring to adenoma, (referenced below). Why he listed a side effect of edema from T is only a question he can answer, but what do know compared to him?.

He's the creator of the Pharmacy Wiki
A Professional Software Developer for 10 years
Portland State University BS General Science 2005
OSU College of Pharmacy Graduate 2009
Syracuse VAMC PGY1 General Practice Residency 2009-2010
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.
I'm not seeing a direct link on androgens though, maybe and I repeat maybe it's the precursor hormone progesterone, and even that's stretching a very very thin line. But who knows, it could also stem from testosterone therapy or even a spike in DHT from MPB.


Aldosterone Receptor Antagonists (diagram)
http://circ.ahajournals.org/content/121/...nsion.html

A testosterone-producing adrenal cortical adenoma in an elderly woman.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1270580

Testosterone secreting adrenal cortical adenomas
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/art...928190028X

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Here is a study that linked DHT to stimulated aldosterone secretion.

Supraphysiological concentrations of DHT stimulated aldosterone secretion by human adrenal cells by the calmodulin/CaMK and protein kinase C intracellular signaling pathways but independently of the classical androgen receptor. Supraphysiological doses of androgen may promote cardiovascular diseases via stimulation of aldosterone secretion.

Dihydrotestosterone Stimulates Aldosterone Secretion by H295R Human Adrenocortical Cells
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2681414/

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And here's a study on Dopamine/aldosterone

Aldosterone suppression with dopamine infusion in low-renin hypertension.

From this study it was determined basal and adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)-stimulated plasma aldosterone (PA), cortisol, renin activity, and potassium concentrations before and during dopamine receptor stimulation with dopamine infusion and bromocriptine administration and dopamine receptor blockade with metoclopramide. Two groups tested differ from normal-renin hypertensives, who have no PA suppression with dopamine infusion.

Aldosterone suppression with dopamine infusion in low-renin hypertension.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1129240/

Other thoughts-

On the the hand hypothyroid muscles typically retain excess water, and fatigue easily, taking up more water than normal during exertion. Aldosterone also helps drive-up your blood pressure. High aldosterone levels can indicate too much of the hormone being released leading to high Blood pressure, or the possibility of diabetes, Conns and Addison's are also of concern. We can also open up a "no.10 can" on primary and secondary aldosteronism alone (not from me though, lol).